1 |
Bos et al. (2018) |
Netherland |
Case control study |
155 children (66 children with ASD, 89 children with TD) (aged 9~15) |
Behavioral problem, worry/rumination, anxiety, depression |
CSI |
· Baseline levels of worry/ rumination was a specific predictor of later externalizing problems for boys with ASD. |
2 |
Maurek & Sohl (2016) |
America |
Cross sectional study |
81 children with ASD |
Sleep disturbance |
C-SHARP |
· Sleep problems (night waking) were significantly associated with physical aggression. |
3 |
Kaartinen et al. (2014) |
Finland |
Case control study |
70 children (35 with ASD; 35 without ASD) (aged 7~17) |
Gender |
PAM |
· Children with ASD are more reactively aggressive than children without ASD. |
· Relative to boys without ASD, the boys with ASD reacted with more serious forms of aggression. |
· The girls with ASD reacted less aggressively than the girls without ASD. |
4 |
Kanne & Mazurek (2011) |
America |
Cross sectional study |
1338 children with ASD (aged 4~17) |
Age, behavioral characteristics related to ASD, adaptability, income level |
ADI-R |
· 56% were acting aggressively towards caregivers, and 32% were showing aggressive behavior towards non-caregivers. |
· Aggression in children with ASD increases with age (the younger), income (the higher), and reinforcing repetitive behaviors. |
5 |
Griffith et al. (2010) |
England |
Cross sectional study |
57 children (19 ASD, 19 Down syndrome, 19 mixed ID) (aged 4~18) |
Behavioral problem, anger |
BPI, Reiss scale |
· Children with ASD were rated as having more self-injurious behaviors, lower levels of social competence, and more anger score than children with Down syndrome and mixed etiology intellectual disabilities. |
6 |
Hartley et al. (2008) |
America |
Cross sectional study |
169 children with ASD (aged 1.5~5.8) |
Behavioral problem, cognitive function, communication, characteristics of the caregiver |
CBCL |
· Aggression accounts for 22.5% of maladaptive behaviors in children with ASD. |
· The lower the non-verbal cognitive function, the expressive language, and the adaptive behavior of children with ASD, the higher the level of aggressive behavior. |
7 |
Baghdadl et al. (2008) |
France |
Cross sectional study |
185 children with ASD (aged 2~7) |
Behavioral characteristics related to ASD, communication, cognitive function |
Questionnaire on SIB episodes (an adapted international classification of handicaps scoring system) |
· There were significant relationship between a negative outcome of children with ASD and a greater adaptive delay, worse cognitive deficits, a speech impairment, a more severe signs of autism. |
· Speech deficits and autism severity were significant risk factors for SIB. |
8 |
Soke et al. (2018) |
America |
Case control study |
691 children with ASD, 977 children with DD |
Sleep disturbance, GI problem, intellectual ability, characteristics of the caregiver, income level |
SCQ |
· SIB prevalence was higher in ASD than other developmental delay and disorders. |
· SIB of children with ASD was positively correlated with lower IQ, more GI problems, more sleep problems, lower maternal age, lower maternal education level, and maternal depression. |
9 |
Akram et al. (2017) |
Pakistan |
Cross sectional study |
83 children with ASD (aged 8~18) |
Age, Gender, behavioral characteristics related to ASD, characteristics of the caregiver |
ISAS tool |
· Prevalence of NSSI was 33%. |
· Common forms: banging/ self-beating, scratching, pinching, picking scabs, self-biting, pulling hair and rubbing skin. |
· Age, gender, and severity level of ASD emerged as risk factors/ positive predictors of NSSI, but early intervention and involvement of parents in counselling emerged as protective factors/negative predictors of NSSI among children with ASD. |
10 |
Soke et al. (2017) |
America |
Cross sectional, secondary analysis |
8,065 children with ASD from ADDM, 5,102 children with ASD from AS-ATN |
Behavioral characteristics related to ASD, sleep disturbance, sensory problem, behavioral problem, income, anxiety |
VABS, checking SIB behavior by parent and therapist |
· SIB were associated with developmental (presence of regression; developmental status), behavioral (presence of aggression), and somatic factors (anxiety; sensory problem; sleep problem). |
11 |
Rattaz et al. (2015) |
France |
Cross sectional study |
152 children with ASD |
Behavioral characteristics related to ASD, intellectual ability, adaptability, communication |
Aberrant Behavior Checklist completed by parent |
· About 35.8% of adolescents with ASD displayed self-injury. |
· The main risk factor for SIB at adolescence was severity of autism symptoms. |
· Cognitive development during childhood was found to be a protective factor, whereas at adolescence, the main protective factor was communicative abilities. |
12 |
Kerns et al. (2015) |
America |
Cross sectional study |
59 children with ASD (aged 7~17) |
Characteristics of the caregiver, anxiety, depression |
RBS-R, BASC2 |
· Co-occurring anxiety disorders were associated with more self-injurious behavior, depressive symptoms, and parental stress in youth with ASD |
13 |
Duerden et al. (2014) |
Canada |
Cross sectional study |
33 children with ASD (aged 7~15) |
Thickness in the right superior parietal lobule |
RBS-R |
· Within the ASD group, self-injury scores negatively correlated with thickness in the right superior parietal lobule, bilateral primary somatosensory cortices and the volume of the left ventroposterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus. |
14 |
Waters & Healy (2012) |
Ireland |
Cross sectional study |
95 children & adolescents with ASD (aged 3~16) |
Behavioral problem |
BPI |
· Frequency of SIB, severity of SIB, and total sum of ASD Comorbidity scores acted as predictors for social skills. |
· Social skills acted as a predictor for the endogenous variables (hostile, adaptive/appropriate, and inappropriꠓately assertive). |
15 |
Duerden et al. (2012) |
Canada |
Cross sectional study |
241 children & adolescents with ASD (aged 2~19) |
Age, behavioral characteristics related to ASD, sensory problem, communication, intellectual ability |
ADI-R, RBS-R |
· Abnormal sensory processing was the strongest single predictor of self-injury followed by sameness, impaired cognitive ability (IQ) and social functioning. |
16 |
Baghdadli et al. (2003) |
France |
Cross sectional study |
222 children with ASD (aged under 7 years) |
Age, communication, characteristics of the caregiver |
checking SIB episode |
· 50% of the children experienced SIB and 14.6% had severe SIB. |
· Lower chronological age, associated perinatal condition, a lower communication level, a higher degree of autism and a higher daily living skills delay were risk factors of SIB. |
17 |
Carter et al. (2005) |
America |
Case study |
4-year-old child diagnosed with ASD |
Sinusitis |
VABS |
· The occurrences of SIB was higher in presence of sinus infection when a sinus infection was considered to be present vs. absent. |
18 |
Yang et al. (2017) |
South Korea |
Case control study |
17 children & adolescents (aged 6~18) |
Anxiety, depression |
BPI, CBCL |
· ASD group with aggressive behavior problems showed a trend of higher SIB score and frequency of problem behaviors. |
19 |
Kim & Ha (2016) |
South Korea |
Cross sectional study |
600 children (TD 325, DD 202, ASD 73) |
Gender |
CBCL (Preschol) |
· Children with ASD showed higher total aggressive behavior than typically developing children and children with deveopmental delay. |
· Emotional aggression was higher in children with ASD and developmental delay than typically develping children. |
· Among the children with ASD, developmental delay, and typical development, boys with ASD showed the highest overt aggressive behavior but girls with ASD showed the lowest. |