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| J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs > Volume 34(4); 2025 > Article |
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| Characteristics | Categories | 2018 (n=2.052) | 2022 (n=1.563) | χ2 (p) | ||
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| n† | %‡ (SE) | n† | %‡ (SE) | |||
| Age (year) | 19~29 | 359 | 22.4 (1.4) | 277 | 21.2 (1.4) | 2,893.70 (<.001) |
| 30~39 | 420 | 21.3 (1.1) | 295 | 20.1 (1.4) | ||
| 40~49 | 479 | 23.8 (1.2) | 354 | 23.1 (1.4) | ||
| 50~59 | 506 | 23.3 (1.1) | 400 | 24.2 (1.4) | ||
| 60~64 | 288 | 9.2 (0.6) | 237 | 11.4 (0.9) | ||
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| House income | Low | 137 | 6.5 (0.8) | 105 | 6.9 (0.8) | 17.18 (.058) |
| Middle-low | 291 | 14.6 (1.1) | 186 | 11.2 (1.0) | ||
| Middle | 450 | 22.9 (1.3) | 336 | 20.9 (1.3) | ||
| Middle-high | 571 | 28.3 (1.4) | 428 | 28.4 (1.4) | ||
| High | 598 | 27.7 (1.6) | 506 | 32.6 (1.6) | ||
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| Education | ≤Middle school | 229 | 9.5 (0.8) | 116 | 6.2 (0.7) | 22.46 (.001) |
| High school | 774 | 41.0 (1.4) | 574 | 37.4 (1.5) | ||
| ≥University | 954 | 49.5 (1.7) | 848 | 56.3 (1.5) | ||
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| Marital status | Lived with spouse | 1,369 | 62.3 (1.6) | 957 | 59.1 (1.7) | 6.56 (.150) |
| Unmarried | 585 | 33.7 (1.6) | 506 | 35.5 (1.6) | ||
| Divorced, separated, bereaved | 97 | 3.9 (0.4) | 100 | 5.4 (0.7) | ||
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| Occupation | No | 332 | 17.4 (1.1) | 262 | 19.2 (1.4) | 1.93 (.287) |
| Yes | 1,616 | 82.6 (1.1) | 1,163 | 80.8 (1.4) | ||
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| Household type | Single-person | 226 | 10.9 (1.3) | 243 | 14.4 (1.7) | 9.87 (.101) |
| Multi-person | 1,829 | 89.1 (1.3) | 1,320 | 85.6 (1.7) | ||
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| Drinking (times/week) | Non-drinking | 252 | 12.5 (0.9) | 207 | 13.6 (1.0) | 1.88 (.718) |
| ≤1 | 1,049 | 53.1 (1.3) | 816 | 53.7 (1.6) | ||
| 2~3 | 511 | 24.6 (1.1) | 366 | 23.0 (1.3) | ||
| ≥4 | 225 | 9.9 (0.8) | 162 | 9.8 (0.8) | ||
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| Smoking | No | 1,226 | 60.8 (1.3) | 1,043 | 68.3 (1.5) | 22.36 (<.001) |
| Yes | 809 | 39.2 (1.3) | 507 | 31.7 (1.5) | ||
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| Muscle-strengthening activity (days/week) | <2 | 1,394 | 69.5 (1.2) | 946 | 65.4 (1.5) | 6.63 (.033) |
| ≥2 | 565 | 30.5 (1.2) | 484 | 34.6 (1.5) | ||
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| Physical activity | No | 1,003 | 48.7 (1.4) | 647 | 43.8 (1.5) | 8.21 (.017) |
| Yes | 955 | 51.3 (1.4) | 782 | 56.2 (1.5) | ||
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| Sleep duration (hours/day) | <5 | 266 | 13.4 (0.8) | 177 | 10.5 (0.9) | 8.23 (.083) |
| 5~6 | 1,223 | 62.9 (1.2) | 972 | 63.4 (1.2) | ||
| 7~8 | 428 | 21.4 (1.0) | 372 | 23.6 (1.0) | ||
| ≥9 | 41 | 2.3 (0.4) | 41 | 2.5 (0.4) | ||
| Year | Depression | Changes in depression | |||||
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| PHQ-9≥10 | PHQ-9<10 | χ2 (p) | OR (95% CI) | p | OR‡ (95% CI) | p | |
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| %† (SE) | %† (SE) | ||||||
| 2022 | 4.1 (0.6) | 95.9 (0.6) | 8.22 | 1.77 (1.13~2.75) | .012 | 1.94 (1.23~3.05) | .004 |
| 2018 | 2.4 (0.4) | 97.6 (0.4) | (.011) | reference | reference | ||
| Characteristics | Categories | 2018 | 2022 | OR (95% CI) | p |
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| %†(SE) | %† (SE) | ||||
| Age (year) | 19~29 | 2.6 (1.0) | 5.2 (1.5) | 1.86 (0.75~4.63) | .179 |
| 30~39 | 2.4 (0.7) | 3.4 (1.0) | 1.43 (0.59~3.46) | .430 | |
| 40~49 | 2.5 (0.8) | 4.3 (1.3) | 1.79 (0.76~4.22) | .186 | |
| 50~59 | 2.2 (0.7) | 4.0 (1.2) | 1.87 (0.75~4.68) | .178 | |
| 60~64 | 1.6 (0.6) | 3.4 (1.3) | 2.22 (0.74~6.68) | .156 | |
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| Income | Low | 10.2 (3.4) | 12.7 (4.2) | 1.28 (0.46~3.63) | .635 |
| Middle-low | 3.2 (1.1) | 6.6 (2.0) | 2.12 (0.84~5.36) | .114 | |
| Middle | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.9 (1.1) | 1.24 (0.45~3.41) | .679 | |
| Middle-high | 1.4 (0.5) | 3.8 (1.0) | 2.87 (1.12~7.34) | .028 | |
| High | 1.3 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.8) | 1.97 (0.69~5.61) | .206 | |
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| Education | ≤ Middle school | 1.1 (0.5) | 9.8 (3.4) | 9.85 (3.01~32.18) | <.001 |
| High school | 2.2 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.9) | 1.67 (0.80~3.45) | .169 | |
| ≥ University | 2.7 (0.6) | 3.8 (0.8) | 1.43 (0.76~2.68) | .265 | |
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| Marital status | Lived with spouse | 1.9 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.5) | 0.97 (0.50~1.85) | .918 |
| Unmarried | 2.8 (0.7) | 6.5 (1.2) | 2.43 (1.26~4.68) | .008 | |
| Divorce · separation · bereavement | 6.7 (3.2) | 12.5 (4.1) | 1.98 (0.57~6.85) | .278 | |
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| Occupation | No | 6.4 (1.4) | 5.8 (1.6) | 0.91 (0.44~1.90) | .809 |
| Yes | 1.5 (0.4) | 3.6 (0.6) | 2.49 (1.38~4.47) | .002 | |
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| Household type | Single-person | 3.9 (1.4) | 8.4 (1.8) | 2.22 (0.95~5.22) | .067 |
| Multi-person | 2.2 (0.4) | 3.4 (0.6) | 1.57 (0.95~2.60) | .081 | |
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| Drinking (times/week) | Non-drinking | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.8 (1.2) | 1.54 (0.45~5.31) | .496 |
| ≤1 | 2.0 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.8) | 1.76 (0.89~3.48) | .103 | |
| 2~3 | 2.7 (0.7) | 4.4 (1.2) | 1.68 (0.77~3.66) | .191 | |
| ≥4 | 4.6 (1.8) | 9.6 (2.7) | 2.23 (0.79~6.26) | .128 | |
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| Smoking | No | 2.1 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.7) | 1.57 (0.86~2.85) | .142 |
| Yes | 2.8 (0.7) | 6.1 (1.2) | 2.23 (1.20~4.15) | .012 | |
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| Muscle-strengthening activity (days/week) | <2 | 2.8 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.8) | 1.64 (0.98~2.75) | .060 |
| ≥2 | 1.5 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.9) | 2.40 (0.96~5.98) | .060 | |
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| Physical activity | No | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.8) | 1.24 (0.67~2.32) | .495 |
| Yes | 1.8 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.8) | 2.53 (1.35~4.73) | .004 | |
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| Sleep duration (hours/day) | <5 | 5.5 (2.0) | 9.8 (2.6) | 1.85 (0.71~4.85) | .209 |
| 5~6 | 1.8 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.7) | 1.84 (0.97~3.50) | .061 | |
| 7~8 | 1.7 (0.5) | 4.2 (1.2) | 2.58 (1.11~6.02) | .028 | |
| ≥9 | 7.7 (4.3) | 3.0 (3.0) | 0.37 (0.34~3.88) | .404 | |
| Characteristics | Categories | PHQ-9≥10 | PHQ-9<10 | χ2 (p) |
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| %† (SE) | %†(SE) | |||
| Age (year) | 19~29 | 5.2 (1.5) | 94.8 (1.5) | 749.05 (<.001) |
| 30~39 | 3.4 (1.0) | 96.6 (1.0) | ||
| 40~49 | 4.3 (1.3) | 95.7 (1.3) | ||
| 50~59 | 4.0 (1.2) | 96.0 (1.2) | ||
| 60~64 | 3.4 (1.3) | 96.6 (1.3) | ||
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| Income | Low | 12.7 (4.2) | 87.3 (4.2) | 25.15 (.001) |
| Middle-low | 6.6 (2.0) | 93.4 (2.0) | ||
| Middle | 2.9 (1.1) | 97.1 (1.1) | ||
| Middle-high | 3.8 (1.0) | 96.2 (1.0) | ||
| High | 2.5 (0.8) | 97.5 (0.8) | ||
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| Education | ≤Middle school | 9.8 (3.4) | 90.2 (3.4) | 8.07 (.052) |
| High school | 3.7 (0.9) | 96.3 (0.9) | ||
| ≥University | 3.8 (0.8) | 96.2 (0.8) | ||
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| Marital status | Lived with spouse | 1.8 (0.5) | 98.2 (0.5) | 32.50 (<.001) |
| Unmarried | 6.5 (1.2) | 93.5 (1.2) | ||
| Divorce · separation · bereavement | 12.5 (4.1) | 87.5 (4.1) | ||
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| Occupation | No | 5.8 (1.6) | 94.2 (1.6) | 2.76 (.154) |
| Yes | 3.6 (0.6) | 96.4 (0.6) | ||
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| Household type | Single-person | 8.4 (1.8) | 91.6 (1.8) | 11.17 (<.001) |
| Multi-person | 3.4 (0.6) | 96.6 (0.6) | ||
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| Drinking (times/week) | Non-drinking | 2.8 (1.2) | 97.2 (1.2) | 12.25 (.015) |
| ≤1 | 3.4 (0.8) | 96.6 (0.8) | ||
| 2~3 | 4.4 (1.2) | 95.6 (1.2) | ||
| ≥4 | 9.6 (2.7) | 90.4 (2.7) | ||
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| Smoking | No | 3.2 (0.7) | 96.8 (0.7) | 6.40 (.028) |
| Yes | 6.1 (1.2) | 93.9 (1.2) | ||
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| Muscle-strengthening activity (days/week) | <2 | 4.5 (0.8) | 95.5 (0.8) | 0.77 (.431) |
| ≥2 | 3.5 (0.9) | 96.5 (0.9) | ||
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| Physical activity | No | 3.7 (0.8) | 96.3 (0.8) | 0.63 (.460) |
| Yes | 4.5 (0.8) | 95.5 (0.8) | ||
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| Sleep duration (hours/day) | <5 | 9.8 (2.6) | 90.2 (2.6) | 13.93 (.006) |
| 5~6 | 3.2 (0.7) | 96.8 (0.7) | ||
| 7~8 | 4.2 (1.2) | 95.8 (1.2) | ||
| ≥9 | 3.0 (3.0) | 97.0 (3.0) | ||

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